Mainframes And Supercomputers Essays - Mainframe Computer, Computer

Mainframes And Supercomputers Mainframes The oldest category of computers is the mainframe. Mainframe computers are capable of great processing speeds and data storage. They are generally stored in specially wired, highly air conditioned rooms. Because they produce large amounts of heat they produce they are water or air-cooled. Mainframes are made of thousands of light bulb like fixtures called vacuum tubes. They are typically the size of a jeep and range in price from $50,000 to $5 million. These machines are primarily used by large companies such as banks, insurance companies, and airlines, that handle millions of transactions. Mainframes were first produced in the 1940s. Some companies are still using the first mainframes produced such as the Univac. The world has invested one trillion dollars in mainframe computers, sixty percent of which were made and sold by IBM. With the invention of the microprocessor and printed circuit boards mainframes are often being replace by smaller networked computers. As time progresses ma inframes will be kept for some purposes, networks of smaller computers will grow, and the mainframe will be reinvented.(Hutchinson) The ENIAC was the first mainframe computer produced. It used 18,000 vacuum tubes, and occupied 1,800 square foot of floor space. It used punch cards for input and output. Supercomputers Supercomputers are the fastest computers every made. They generally range in price from $225,000 to $30 million. They are high capacity machines that require specially air conditioned rooms. Supercomputers are for people who need to model complex, lifelike situations. Supercomputers are used to simulate car crashed and for weather forecasting. The most powerful supercomputer, Janus, built by Intel, enables scientists to simulate the explosion of a nuclear bomb. In 1995 the National Science Foundation and MCI Communications established a 14,000 mile network called the Very-High-Performance Backbone Network Service(VBNS). The VBNS links the five highest concentration of supercomputer, each locations having up to six supercomputers, into the new internet. A scientist sitting at any machine could have access to any other machine on the network. Presently this network is only used by a very elite group of scientist for extremely complex projects. Technology Essays

Romeo & Juliet - Nurses Role essays

Romeo & Juliet - Nurse's Role essays The play, Romeo and Juliet, by Shakespeare, is about two teenagers called Romeo and Juliet who fall in love. Only one person knows about it, and that is Juliets nurse. Romeo and Juliets families hate each other, so they do not tell their parents, because they would be extremely angry that they were in love, and would not let Romeo and Juliet see each other. Throughout the play we see the Nurse as a comedian, or in some parts, such as Tybalts death, a serious character. I see the nurse as motherly, as she treats Juliet as if she were her own daughter, and knows her a lot better than Juliets mother. Juliets mother did not even know her own daughters age. The nurse often acted before thinking about the problems they would cause. When Juliet and Romeo first met, the nurse asked him his name, and even though she found out he was a member of the Montagues, which was the hated family of Juliets family, she still told Juliet. Juliet said, My only love, sprung from my only hate which shows that she was very upset, and confused about what to do. The Nurse doesnt see what is so awful about it, and helps Romeo and Juliet meet in secret. The nurse also helped Romeo and Juliet marry in secret. This shows she was more like a friend than a nurse to Juliet, as she risked her job to help Juliet. Juliet asked her to go and find Romeo, and see if he had made arrangements for their marriage. Romeo had, and said, some means to come to shrift this afternoon, And there she shall at Friar Lawrence cell The nurse was protective of Juliet, because after Romeo had told her about the marriage arrangements she asked him if he was trustworthy, she said, Is your man secret? Did you neer hear say, Two may keep counsel, putting one away? ...

How to Write a Claim Letter for a Business

How to Write a Claim Letter for a Business Claim letters are used to make claims due to unsatisfactory work or products by companies that have contracted another party to complete work. For example, if a company outsources production of a part required for a final product and is unsatisfied with the contractors work, that company will write a claim letter to demand superior products. As such, claim letters have a very formal and serious tone. Use the suggested  phrases  and model letter below to model claim letters for use in your own business activities. The following letters make claims against unsatisfactory work. You can find different types of business letters and the guide to further refine your business English letter writing skills. Useful Key Phrases As someone who has worked with ...we were very disappointed to find/see/have discovered ...As our written agreement stipulated, we expected ...I think you will agree that a communication problem exists.We would like you to ...  or provide us with a refund. Example Letter Drivers Co.3489 Greene Ave.Olympia, WA 98502August 17, 2001 Richard Brown, PresidentDocument MakersSalem, MA 34588 Dear Mr. Brown: As someone who has worked with your company for over 3 years, we were very disappointed to see the documents you produced for our latest Drivers Co. publicity campaign. As our written agreement stipulated, we expected full-color leaflets with fancy explanatory texts, but instead, we found that black and white photos had been included in the prepared leaflets. I think you will agree that a communication problem exists. We would like you to send out a photographer to provide us with the promised color coverage  or provide us with a refund. Yours truly, (signature here) Thomas R. Smith,Director TRS/lj For further types of business letters, use this guide to different types of business letters to refine your skills for specific business purposes such as making inquiries, adjusting claims, writing cover letters, and more.

Economics of Shipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Economics of Shipping - Essay Example This paper deals with how different factors affect bulk carrier's demand and supply and how Baltic Dry Index be used to predict the demand and supply of Dry Bulk Carrier for next three months. This paper also describes how recent global economic recession has caused decrease in steel production and thus decreases in global demand for iron, coal and minor bulk commodities and how this has affected the demand for bulk carriers. The paper also deals with industry specific risk factors and how they can affect the earnings of the companies supplying bulk carriers. A bulk carrier is a merchant ship that is used to transport bulk cargo that is not packaged such as coal, ore and grains. The ship usually carries cargo in its cargo holds. It is a ship in which the cargo is carried as bulk. The bulk carriers were first made in 1852 but with time, the economic forces caused these ships to become more sophisticated and caused them to increase in size. There are two types of bulk carriers, wet bulk carrier and dry bulk carrier. The bulk carriers are dominating merchant ships. In terms of tonnage they comprise about one third of total world's fleet. So far the world's largest bulk carrier is able to carry about 365,000 metric tons of dead weight (DWT). The bulk carriers are divided into six main categories: small, handy size, handy max, panamex, capsize, very large bulk carrier (VLBC) (MAN Diesel Group, 2005, p. 3-4. ). Small bulk carriers have capacity of about 10,000 DWT and mini bulk carriers are most popular amongst them. They have a capacity of about 500 to 2000 tons and are usually used for river transport. Such ships easily pass under bridges and they have small crew. Handymax and Handy size have a capacity of more than 10,000 DWT and these two represent about 71% of all bulk carriers. Handymax ships have a capacity of about 52,000 DWT and have about four holds to carry cargo. Panamax canal's lock chamber limits the size of Panamax vessels. And it can accommodate ships with beam of up to 32.31m, a length of overall of up to 294.13m, and a draft of up to 12.04m (Autoridad del Canal de Panam, 2005, pp. 11- 12) Capesize vessels are very large vessels and have capacity of about 20,000 DWT. They carry cargo mainly like coal and iron. Large capacity capesize ships are specially designed to carry iron. Baltic Dry Index Baltic Dry Index is based on Baltic Exchange. This index is means of providing prices of raw materials transported by sea (Baltic Exchange, 2009).. The Baltic Exchange is a membership organization and its member is at the heart of world trade. Every day brokers around the world want to know how much it would cost to transport cargo around the world. These indices are made by assessment of international broking companies. The bulk cargo market relies on the mutual agreement and cooperation of ship owners and brokers to ensure a smooth flow of business(Baltic Exchange, 2009).. It is a rule of Baltic Exchange that all members should follow a code of business and abide by the rules. In case any member fails to follow rules then the member is expelled. There are about five hundred companies and about two thousand people that are member of Baltic Exchange

Analysis of the underlying causes Domestic Violence against Women in Essay

Analysis of the underlying causes Domestic Violence against Women in Pakistan - Essay Example With the upsurge in media channels, newspapers and different information access points coming of age, the world is getting to know the dark side behind the domestic woman of Pakistan, within the four walls of her home or of her master’s. The mechanism which could be discussed here in line with the control and prevention of domestic violence against women in the country comprise of first and foremost an understanding that the women are being treated rather shabbily within the state. It is this realization of the grave problem that could tackle half the problem in a whisker. The police authorities fail to curb the crimes that are committed on these women because they do not accept that the crimes are carried out in the first place. This is because the system of bribery is rampant within the society and police authorities of Pakistan, according to recent surveys carried out globally, is the most corrupt organization followed up by judiciary, which speaks volumes of the law and order situation that is present within Pakistan. Now domestic violence against women becomes an all the more significant aspect since it is seldom being reported to the authorities and in most of those cases the matters are hushed up before they could be moved ahead any further. Whilst drafting a five year plan for the control and prevention regimes of domestic violence within Pakistan, it is pertinent to know what the real factors behind devising such a plan are. If only the factors are ascertained beforehand, it would give a clear idea as to the eventual ramifications in the lead-up to the results and findings of the violence that is taking place within the nation. There is the subject of poverty and lack of education that kicks off the topic of domestic violence. Then men are frustrated with the norms of the society and tend to vent their feelings by taking out violent means on the women within their homes. Also the aspect of having

Guilt of Commiting a Crime or Misdemeanors :: essays research papers

The Guilt of Committing a Crime or Misdemeanor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the movie Crimes and Misdemeanors, the main character, Judah Rosenthal, make a life changing decision when he decided to kill his mistress. For Judah, there were no other alternatives to keep his affair a secret. His mistress, Delores, wanted to confront Judah’s wife Merriam to tell her about the affair that had been going on for the last past three years since Judah could not tell her himself. He knew that if Merriam found out she would not forgive him and he could not stand to see her suffer and his life crumbled to pieces. The public finding out about the affair would also had created problems for his buisness. He is known as a successful ophthalmologist who is well respected by his patients. Hiring a hit man to kill Delores is the only option to keep his affair a secret. For three years Judah and Delores carried on an affair. Their relationship had all started when they met on an airplane. She was a flight attendant and he was a rich ophthalmologist sitting in first class attending a business trip. The moment they started talking, they hit it off which soon led to an affair. She got an apartment in New York City so that she could be close to Judah. Of course, the affair was just a convenience thing for Judah, but on the other hand Delores starts to feel true feelings about him. She wanted him all to herself. One day, when Judah came home from work he found an unopened letter on the living room table sent to Merriam from Delores. Judah quickly looked around and opened the letter. The letter was about Delores confessed to Merriam about the three year love affair between her and Judah and how she wanted to meet up with Merriam. Judah was furious and put the letter into the fire. He went to Delores’s apartment and confronted her about the letter t o ask her why she would do such a thing. He also told her that thankfully that he got to the letter before Merriam did. She told him that it was time to put this affair to an end so that she and Judah could be together. Judah mentioned that he never made any promises of them being together and he would certainly tell his family about his secret. On occasions, Judah felt like he needed to talk to someone about this so he turned to one of his patients Ben who was a Jewish Rabbi that was steadily going blind.

Science and Society

Science and Society Is life fact or fiction? One could look at science and society in the same manner. Meaning that there is an ideal subject, one subject could be the truth and one could be deception. Science, in my opinion, is the truth. For example, science is based on facts and numbers and figures, these never deter from the truth if correctly applied in their own fields of study. The term for society states that it is a group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from other groups.Society can take a number of shapes and forms and it is never the same in any place in the world, politics and economy differ yet society is unified as a whole in the larger spectrum. Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), Carl Sagan (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†), and Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. ’ What Controversy? † have different points of views in each of their understandings of science and society, yet one thing that sticks out in their essays as a related is that society in some way, shape, or form should be informed and open to more knowledge of the sciences.Carl Sagan’s’ (â€Å"Why We Need to Understand Science†) was one of my favorite pieces due to the fact that he did in his own opinions and views yet what stuck out in my mind is that he added data and facts into his piece. I believe his piece best describes science as his primary term because he is trying to get people to understand the importance of why society should look at science this way and why. People like numbers because they are either comforting or they make people realize something that was never really thought of before because it wasn’t as solid or tangible in their minds.He wrote his delved more into the root of the problem with society and science on both aspects. He also concluded with a sug gestion to the solution of the problem of our society’s lack of knowledge in science. Sagan preaches his point and is very to the point in all aspects of his writing although it wasn’t as logical as the other essays I think the emotion he put into his piece was what won me over because of the passion of wanted to get his point across to the readers is usually the same difference of what gets people interested in the knowledge of science.Lewis Thomas (â€Å"Alchemy†), primarily states in his essay that of the work of alchemists. He indicates that their seemingly todays silly work of trying to turn metal into gold or their secret society of alchemist did not go wasted. They actually set a lot of today’s sciences up for advancement and great lengths of achievement. Thomas made a clear and concise history of the Alchemists such as the origins being traced back to the ancient time of the Arabic, Latin, and Greek.He added the meaning of the work that Alchemists were trying to achieve such as there only being one particle in the universe that was the true meaning of existence in all shapes or forms. He also argued to downfalls of the Alchemist such as the time they spent on dead ends in their pursuit of science, all the writing and work they proposed that was written in secretive language, the bans of their work due to it being related to black magic.Yet, in many positive aspects the Alchemists did pave the way for other sciences to be studied successfully, such as physics or chemistry. This got people interested and helped to spur conversation, debate, and helped bring questions to one another to spur thought. On a very low level this work did get science in society started yet it was only amongst the scientist community. None of the work can be understood by people of normal or medial knowledge.Yet again on could argue that among certain interested parties for instance student, the subject of alchemy could be seen as an interesting subje ct, therefore the student would want to read about alchemist and then possibly see what the fuss is about and want to take a look at what works interested alchemist and would try to learn to study aspects of their work such as physics and chemistry in a broad sense. Thomas does make certain valid points yet the downfall is that this type of science would not be relatable to the masses it is above their heads.This type of science in society can almost always be only attainable to those in the field of science and only reel in a few of outsiders in society. George Orwell (â€Å"What Is Science? †), writes and essay of very profound aspects of science. For instance his piece he defines what science is and also argues the differences between sciences in my opinion for his readers to get both sides of what he is trying to describe so one can form an opinion of their own.This is the point he is trying to get across to his readers, to be able for one to form his own opinion about sc ience. Therefore they are learning and gain knowledge of the subject of science in some way shape or form. I agree with many facts of Orwell’s piece, for instance he states that anyone educated can describe to you what science may mean to them whether it’s a specific or broad term. Does the knowledge of science make one smarter than the next, not necessarily?Vice versa in the sense that someone who was less knowledgeable on science then became knowledgeable could have less intelligence about the subject than â€Å"an illiterate peasant†, or that this knowledge may do more harm than good. After this seemingly contradictory argument he contradicts himself more by stating that society should be educated in science to be able to grasp the concept of being able to possess a â€Å"rational, skeptical, experimental habit of mind. This to me means that one should have a firm grasp on the knowledge of science and be able to carry a conversation of facts data and look at science in broad and insightful aspects. I don’t think this work is as strong as Carl Sagan’s work because he is trying to please the masses and preach about two things at the same time which I feel is untruthful because he is trying to reel in a larger crowd so to speak, which I lost interest in. Lawrence Krauss (â€Å"School Boards Want to ‘Teach to the Controversy. What Controversy? †) describes how schools across the board should teach other methods of science in order for one to search for their own truth or the whole truth of their meaning of science. He relates his main subject on religion vs. science and how the church and science is constantly arguing about the fact of who is right and who is wrong about evolution, in depth the Big Bang theory or that every human is genetically related from the first organism.As interesting as Krauss’s point about science were I found his points to more centered only around the church and sciences point of view in the matter, I only dismissed it because it didn’t relate to the masses and it was a very limited piece to give readers much knowledge beyond what was stated and I could not personally gather anything out of it for my own purposes other than the ending quote which if he wrote around this subject I probably would have chosen it, To search thoroughly for the truth involves a searching of souls as well as of spectra. Then again souls are not an indefinite thing, science because it is based on facts and numbers, so in theory this does not make sense and is weaker than Carl Sagan’s piece in general because it does not really evoke thought to the reader. I think the most relatable thing between all the pieces was that amongst specific likeminded people there will always be debate and conclusions will be drawn based on their facts and that these certain societies can communicate efficiently with each other. On a larger scale society as a whole should learn more about science in order to attain basic understanding of knowledge of science.Personally I think that basic understanding of the knowledge of science is attainable and should be learned amongst society because education in America is lacking while others are racing ahead in almost every aspect of education, reading, writing, math, and science. Education should be important to everyone for the simple fact that science has gotten our society to the point it is today. Some aspects may be good and some bad for instance the good may include being able to function in an advanced society with buildings and cars, advancements in medicine allowing humans to live longer and healthier.Yet again with our advancement we also have made negative aspects for ourselves such as being able to genetically mass produce beef that goes into fast food restaurants all over the country that has made 70% of Americans obese, or the fact that because of our advancement in medicine which allow most humans to live longe r or cure them from most ailments, natural selection has come to a stop and has allowed the weaker of humans to spawn and created other like humans.I envision that I would prefer to live in a world with science rather than a primitive society, my answer is pure and simple there is nothing profound about it, this world with science is what I am used to and I wouldn’t want to change this.Perhaps in a positive light I would want to change science to further advancement science as we know it, for example finding a cure for cancer, or better yet finding out what in the brain or body creates mental illness or to add or subtract DNA from fetuses in order to create a â€Å"perfect† human one free from disease. I believe my ideas towards science would actually better society because it would benefits them in ways that would make them possibly more interest in science due to the controversy and debates it may cause.